ELLIIT Distinguished Lecture: Millimeter-wave high-datarate wireless communication using beamforming by Prof. Piet Wambacq

Published: 2018-11-30

Title: Millimeter-wave high-datarate wireless communication using beamforming

Speaker:  Prof. Piet Wambacq

Place: E-building, Ole Römers väg 3,  E:2311, LTH, Lund University

When: December 13th, 2018, 14.15

Abstract:
Millimeter-wave high-datarate wireless communication using beamforming (Piet Wambacq)
In the past ten years, the speed increase of CMOS thanks to the downscaling in the past ten years, together with the allocation of unlicensed spectrum around 60 GHz, has given rise to much research worldwide on mm-wave IC design in CMOS. The frequency band between 57 GHz and 66 GHz is intended for high datarate wireless communication using RF bandwidths of more than 1 GHz. The commercial deployment of mm-wave ICs takes more time than expected, partially due to the design challenges caused by the high operating frequency, which is more than ten times higher than the commercial ICs for the most widely used wireless communication standards, which operate below 6 GHz. To relax the high path loss at mm-wave frequencies in the link budget of wireless transceivers, these transceivers contain, next to the classical functionality of radios, beamforming functionality. This talk will explain the basics of beamforming together with several implementations of the beamforming control in the analog part of the transceivers. Further, most important bottlenecks of mm-wave radio architectures such as phase noise and power efficiency are addressed and several solutions are discussed. 
 
About the speaker:
Piet Wambacq  received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering and Ph.D. degree from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, in 1986 and 1996, respectively. He joined IMEC, Leuven, Belgium in  1996 as a Principal Scientist and he is now a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff, working on IC design in various technologies for wireless applications. Since 2000 he is a Professor with the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium. He has authored or co-authored three books and more than 250 papers in edited books, international journals and conferences. He has been an associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems - Part 1 from 2002 to 2004. He was the co-recipient of the Best Paper Award at the Design, Automation and Test Conference (DATE) in 2002 and 2005, the EOS/ESD Symposium in 2004 and the Jan Van Vessem Award" for "Outstanding European Paper" at ISSCC 2015. He was a member of the program committee of the DATE conference from 2000 to 2007. He currently chairs the RF subcommittee of ISSCC and of ESSCIRC. He is a senior member of IEEE and Distinguished Lecturer of The Solid-State Circuits Society of IEEE.

PhD dissertation by Therese Forsberg: Efficient mm-Wave Transmitter Design in CMOS Technology

Published: 2018-10-30

Author: Therese Forsberg

Thesis title: Efficient mm-Wave Transmitter Design in CMOS Technology.

Main supervisor: Markus Törmänen

Faculty opponent: Piet Wambacq from IMEC

When: 13 December at 9:15

Loaction: Lecture hall E:1406, building E, Ole Römers väg 3, Lund

Thesis for download

Thesis abstract:
An increasing demand of higher data rates in wireless communication forces the industry to look to higher frequencies to find the required bandwidths. This thesis is about analog transmitters in CMOS for millimeter-wave communication, and it focuses on improving power amplifiers and frequency generation circuits, and increase their efficiency. This thesis starts with an introduction to millimeter-wave transmitters in CMOS, standards and beamforming. It then continues with a brief introduction to millimeter-wave power amplifier design and design of local oscillators at millimeter-wave frequencies. The last part of the thesis consist of six papers, which present eleven manufactured and measured millimeter-wave circuit designs. Paper I presents a two-stage, 65-nm CMOS, Class-A PA for the 60-GHz band. It employs capacitive cross-coupling neutralization for higher differential isolation and gain, without the need to increase the power consumption. It achieves 18.5 % peak-added-efficiency. Paper II presents a varactorless VCO in 65 nm CMOS, operating in the 60-GHz band. In paper III, the efficiency of the popular source-node filtering technique for improved phase-noise performance is investigated through measurements of two same-chip 60-GHz VCOs in FD-SOI CMOS. The filtered VCO achieves a state-of-the-art figure-of-merit of -187.3 dBc/Hz. Paper IV presents two FD-SOI CMOS VCOs for the 30-GHz and the 60-GHz band, that achieve ultra-low power consumption, also at full supply voltage. In paper V, a phase-locked loop in 28-nm FD-SOI CMOS for 5G transceiver systems is proposed. Its VCO operates at around 55 GHz. The paper describes the disadvantages of using a too high input reference frequency, but also proposes a new architecture that handles the increased settling time by mode-switching. It also includes a novel charge-pump current-mismatch mitigation technique based on feedback, and a novel wideband and low-power injection-locked divide-by-three circuit. The phase-locked loop consumes only 10 mW of power, has an integrated jitter of 176 fs, and demonstrates a state-of-the-art figure-of-merit of -245 dB. Paper VI describes a wideband injection-locked divide-by-two circuit in 28-nm FD-SOI CMOS. It achieves a locking range of 30 % at the low power consumption of 4.3 mW.

Thesis for download

Seminar: Adaptive and reconfigurable antennas for mobile communications (Prof. Ville Viikari)

Published: 2018-09-20

Preseated by: Associate Professor Ville Viikari from Aalto Universit, and opponent at Alexander Bondarik's defence

Topic: Adaptive and reconfigurable antennas for mobile communications

Time: Fri Oct 5 at 14.15

Place: E:2311

PhD Dissertation: Microstrip Antennas for 60 GHz Band Application

Published: 2018-05-31

Author: Alexander Bondarik

Opponent: Ville Viikari, Associate Professor at Aalto University, Finland

When: 5 October at 10.15

Loaction: Lecture hall E:1406, building E, Ole Römers väg 3, Lund University, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund

Thesis abstract:  The next generation of mobile networks will exploit frequencies above 5 GHz and will use a wide available bandwidth for high speed data communication. At the time of writing this thesis work is ongoing to launch into the market a communication system operating between 25 GHz and 30 GHz. Following news about 40 GHz spectrum acquisition by telecommunication companies, it will be the next in turn. At the same time there is a continued interest on frequencies around 60 GHz, with potential applications not limited by mobile networks. The main reason for this development is that there is about 7 GHz of available unlicensed bandwidth around the world due to the electromagnetic waves absorption peak in the atmosphere.

This dissertation is devoted to microstrip antenna design at 60 GHz band. The main challenge addressed in the thesis is a wideband antenna design with high directivity and efficiency to overcome the free space propagation loss and atmosphere attenuation. In  ddition, the presented antennas are suitable for a reliable fabrication and have small thickness, which might be critical for the antenna integration. A single antenna and an array antenna are designed and manufactured. A wideband high gain antenna and an array design on a ceramic substrate, which is suitable for multilayer fabrication and system integration is presented in Paper I. A novel gridded parasitic patch microstrip antenna design and fabrication on a polytetrauoroethylene substrate is presented in Paper II. A comparison with similar conventional antenna designs is provided showing better characteristics for the designed antenna. During the antenna measurements the effect of surface waves propagation was identified. To suppress this unwanted radiation an electromagnetic band-gap structure around the antenna is designed and manufactured, the results are presented in Paper III. Two array antenna configurations for the gridded parasitic patch antenna are presented in Paper IV.

The second topic of the dissertation is an investigation of reconfigurability of a gridded parasitic patch antenna pattern. The principles using switches and varactors implementation are discussed in Paper II. The results of the proof-of concept fabrication using narrow  etal strips imitating switch connection are presented in Paper V. An implementation using Schottky diodes as switches is presented in Section 5 of the introduction part of the thesis.

The third topic of the dissertation is an antenna integration with a power amplier using bond wires. In Section 6 of the introduction part a planar antenna array integration with the injection locked power amplifier is presented. In Paper VI the same antenna is integrated with a two-stage power amplifier. Simulated and measured results are presented.

AIML workshop: Academy-Society Collaboration

Published: 2018-07-30

Workshop on academy-society collaboration on artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Programme overview

9.30 Coffee and mingle

10.15-12.00 Mornings session

12:00-13:15 Lunch sandwich in the foyer 

12.30 Mingle, exhibition, posters, workshops, demos etc.

14.15 Wrap-up in plenum

14.50 Upcoming events

15.00 and onwards Coffee and continued discussions in the foyer

Programme web page: http://aiml.lu.se/events/2018-09-26-collaboration/

Registration: http://aiml.lu.se/events/2018-09-26-collaboration/registration/

IoT with a soft touch

Published: 2018-09-06

We invite you to get inspired and share ideas on the soft touch of IoT. This technology can be easily designed to fit in many applications serving our society and a sustainable future.

The program will include:

• Topical talks on technologies and applications
• Fika blended with real-life (inter)net-of-people-and-things
• Interactive panel discussion and wrap-up

The event is supported by the equal opportunities program and Lise Meitner professorship of Lund University. We are looking forward to welcoming diverse participants.

Registration is required (free of charge).

The IoT with a Soft Touch Workshop is organised in connection with the Lund Circuit Design Workshop 2018 and we encourage participants to attend both workshops. https://www.lu.se/event/lund-circuit-design-workshop-2018

Call for posters

PhD students attending the workshop are invited to present posters describing their researh. For poster submission, see the workshop website.

Speakers

• Vanja Pilcanic Samuelsson, Founder, QOITECH
• Anders Trana, Project Leader for Smart Open Environments, Lund Open City Sensor Network
• Linh Trang, Master Research Engineer in Network Technology & System Architecture, Sony Mobile
• Georgina Wilcox, Traffic-Team Site Reliability Engineer, Google

Organising Committee

• Liestbet van der Perre, KU Leuven/Lund University
• Emma Fitzgerald, Lund Unviersity
• Ove Edfors, Lund University,
• Sara Gunnarsson, Lund University

Contact

• liesbet [dot] vanderperre [at] kuleuven [dot] be
• emma [dot] fitzgerald [at] eit [dot] lth [dot] se

Lund Circuit Design Workshop 2018

Published: 2018-08-14

Welcome to the 2018 Lund Circuit Design Workshop

The workshop will offer an overview of research activities in IC design at Lund University. Additionally, invited presentations on related subjects will be given by outstanding experts from both academia and industry.

The workshop is hosted by the Lund University xcellence Center in System Design on Silicon (SoS).

Cost: Free of charge!

More information: http://cdworkshop.eit.lth.se

Registration: Please register no later than 7 September, 2018 at: http://cdworkshop.eit.lth.se/index.php?gpuid=305&L=0

Radio Based Positioning - Digit@LTH seminar by Prof. Fredrik Tufvesson

Published: 2018-08-14

Speaker:  Fredrik Tufvesson, Prof in Radio Systems

Topic: On Radiobased Positioning

When: 20 September at 9.00-10.00

Where: Lund university, E-huset, Ole Römers väg 3. Start in EIT Lunch-room (E:2328) 

Abstract
Positioning and localization are becoming more and more important in our everyday life. GPS and other satellite-based solutions provide possibilities to locate ourselves and GPS enabled devices, but there is a need for higher accuracy, low cost solutions and more robust performance in challenging scenarios such as indoors and in street canyons where the satellites are shadowed by the buildings. In this talk, we discuss the fundamentals of radio based positioning and how we can use cellular signals to perform positioning and localization in a new way with improved performance. We discuss current trends in 5G and how they will influence positioning and localization possibilities. Finally, we also discuss how machine learning can be used to learn the details of the radio environment to complement camera or Lidar based positioning.

Bio 
Fredrik Tufvesson received his Ph.D. in 2000 from Lund University in Sweden. After two years at a startup company, he joined the department of Electrical and Information Technology at Lund University, where he is now professor of radio systems. His main research interest is the interplay between the radio channel and the rest of the communication system with various applications in 5G systems such as massive MIMO, mm wave communication, vehicular communication and radio based positioning.

Fredrik has authored around 80 journal papers and 140 conference papers, he is fellow of the IEEE and recently he got the Neal Shepherd Memorial Award for the best propagation paper in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology and the IEEE Communications Society best tutorial paper award.

Registration closed...

ELLIIT Distinguished Lecture on Robot Skill Learning by Prof. Jan Peters

Published: 2018-06-04

Speaker: Prof. Jan Peters, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt and Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems

Abstract: Autonomous robots that can assist humans in situations of daily life have been a long standing vision of robotics, artificial intelligence, and cognitive sciences. A first step towards this goal is to create robots that can learn tasks triggered by environmental context or higher level instruction. However, learning techniques have yet to live up to this promise as only few methods manage to scale to high-dimensional manipulator or humanoid robots. In this talk, we investigate a general framework suitable for learning motor skills in robotics which is based on the principles behind many analytical robotics approaches. It involves generating a representation of motor skills by parameterized motor primitive policies acting as building blocks of movement generation, and a learned task execution module that transforms these movements into motor commands. We discuss learning on three different levels of abstraction, i.e., learning for accurate control is needed to execute, learning of motor primitives is needed to acquire simple movements, and learning of the task-dependent ?hyperparameters? of these motor primitives allows learning complex tasks. We discuss task-appropriate learning approaches for imitation learning, model learning and reinforcement learning for robots with many degrees of freedom. Empirical evaluations on a several robot systems illustrate the effectiveness and applicability to learning control on an anthropomorphic robot arm. These robot motor skills range from toy examples (e.g., paddling a ball, ball-in-a-cup) to playing robot table tennis against a human being and manipulation of various objects. 

Bio: Jan Peters is a full professor (W3) for Intelligent Autonomous Systems at the Computer Science Department of the Technische Universitaet Darmstadt and at the same time a senior research scientist and group leader at the Max-Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, where he heads the interdepartmental Robot Learning Group. Jan Peters has received the Dick Volz Best 2007 US PhD Thesis Runner-Up Award, the Robotics: Science & Systems - Early Career Spotlight, the INNS Young Investigator Award, and the IEEE Robotics & Automation Society's Early Career Award. Recently, he received an ERC Starting Grant. Jan Peters has studied Computer Science, Electrical, Mechanical and Control Engineering at TU Munich and FernUni Hagen in Germany, at the National University of Singapore (NUS) and the University of Southern California (USC). He has received four Master's degrees in these disciplines as well as a Computer Science PhD from USC. Jan Peters has performed research in Germany at DLR, TU Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics (in addition to the institutions above), in Japan at the Advanced Telecommunication Research Center (ATR), at USC and at both NUS and Siemens Advanced Engineering in Singapore. 

PhD Dissertation: Verification of wireless communication performance and robustness for automotive applications

Published: 2018-05-31

Author: Mikael Nilsson

Opponent: Jerome Härri (Associate professor)

When: 8 June at 10.15

Loaction: Lecture hall E:1406, building E, Ole Römers väg 3, Lund University, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund

Thesis abstract: Today's test methods used for verifying the performance and robustness of automotive applications using wireless communication are often based on field trails, which are time consuming, costly, and not repeatable. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new verification methods that can be performed in lab environment, where the realistic radio propagation environment can be emulated. The telecom industry is using standardized over-the-air (OTA) test methods for verification of their products, e.g., smartphones. In these OTA test methods, different standardized channel models are emulated to reflect different user scenarios, e.g., walking in a city or driving on a highway. One topic in this thesis has been to see if it possible to scale up the used OTA verification methods for smartphones, to a setup where the device under test
(DUT) is a car. Detailed studies have been performed on the OTA mutliprobe setup inside an anechoic chamber, using a complete car as the DUT. The measurements were performed on a single-input single-output (SISO) system at 5.9 GHz, a frequency band used for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication.

The conclusions we present are that the repeatability is under control for a SISO system and that the desired channel can be emulated. For multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems further research is needed. Emulation of a V2V channel in the OTA test setups requires deep knowledge of the characteristics of the V2V channel, e.g., it could be gathered through measurement based nalysis. In the other research topic, measurement campaigns have been preformed using IEEE 802.11p transceivers (standard for V2V communication) installed in several vehicles, both cars and trucks, a unique campaign in that sense. For the communication links cross all vehicles, estimation of the joint shadowing effects have been possible to make. A cross-correlation model of the large scale fading process is presented for a V2V scenario on a highway. In addition, improved path loss models for both highway and urban scenarios is presented, which consider antenna pattern and other vehicles obstructing the communication.

ELLIIT Distinguished Lecture on What We Have Learned About Using Software Engineering Practices in Research Software by Prof. Je

Published: 2018-05-22

Welcome to the ELLIIT Distinguished Lecture on ?What We Have Learned About Using Software Engineering Practices in Research Software? by Prof. Jeffrey Carver on June 4, 13:15.

Title: What We Have Learned About Using Software Engineering Practices in Research Software

Speaker: Prof. Jeffrey Carver, University of Alabama, USA http://se4science.org

Location: E:2116, E-huset, LTH, Lund University

Date and time: June 4, 2018, 13:15-14:00

Abstract: The increase in the importance of Research Software (i.e. software developed to support research) motivates the need to identify and understand which software engineering (SE) practices are appropriate. Because of the uniqueness of the research software domain, existing SE tools and techniques developed for the business/IT community are often not efficient or effective. Appropriate SE solutions must account for the salient characteristics of the research software development environment. To identify these solutions, members of the SE community must interact with members of the research software community. This presentation will discuss the findings from a series of case studies of research software projects, an ongoing workshop series, and the results of interactions between my research group and research software projects.

Bio: Jeffrey C. Carver is professor in the Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama. He received the PhD degree in computer science from the University of Maryland in 2003, under supervision of Prof. Victor Basili. His main research interests include empirical software engineering, peer code review, human factors in software engineering, software quality, software engineering for science, and software process improvement. Prof. Carver is editor of the Practitioner's Corner column in IEEE Software, and editorial board member of Computing in Science & Engineering, Empirical Software Engineering (Springer), Information and Software Technology (Elsevier) and Software Quality Journal (Springer). Contact him at carver [at] cs [dot] ua [dot] edu.

Swedish Microwave Days

Published: 2018-02-12

The Swedish Microwave Days presents for the 4th time, the GigaHertz Symposium and AntennEMB Symposium into a major joint two-day microwave event, this time in Lund! With joint exhibitions, plenary sessions, invited speakers, and social events the Swedish Microwave Days will be the perfect meeting point for everyone who is interested to learn about recent advances in microwave, millimeter-wave, THz, or antenna technology or to hear about the recent advances in wireless communications, sensor, and emerging applications!?

GigaHertz Symposium

GigaHertz Symposium is a biennial conference in the field of GigaHertz technology. This will be the 14th GigaHertz Symposium after its start in Linköping 1992. The scope is broad, ranging from devices to systems, and from single GHz frequencies up to several THz. The conference is a meeting place for researchers in the field from industry, academia, and research institutes. The format of the conference is a mix of invited talks and regular submitted papers. A number of leading researchers have been invited to give presentations of different hot topics in GigaHertz and TeraHertz technology.

The emphasis of GigaHertz is on new high-speed devices and circuits and their implementation in wireless communication, sensors and fiber optic communication systems. We also welcome submissions in emerging nanodevices, wireless and optical communication and antenna integration. 

AntennEMB Symposium

AntennEMB, is the radio science conference on Antennas and Computational Electromagnetics organized by SNRV (Svenska Nationalkommittén för Radiovetenskap, the Swedish URSI Committee). The AntennEMB has been organized on a regular basis for more than a decade and the last conference was held in Linköping 2016 as part of the Swedish Microwave Days. The format of the conference combines invited key-note talks with original contributions from the conference participants in the form of oral presentations and interactive poster sessions.

The aim is to bring together people from industry, academia and other research oriented organizations with an interest in antennas and computational electromagnetics. The scope of the conference includes the development of computational methods, optimization algorithms and programming techniques, and all types of antenna technology, applications, theory and measurement techniques.

Read more at: http://www.microwavedays.se/

IVA-seminarium: LTH öppnar dörrarna för industrin

Published: 2018-04-09

Lunds Tekniska Högskola öppnar sina laboratorier för att fler företag ska ha råd att utveckla nya produkter. Företag som bygger och testar prototyper välkomnas nu till sju laboratorier på LTH. Satsningen förutspås gynna forskningen ? men också Öresundsregionen i stort. 

På LTH finns utrustning och lab i världsklass. Nu lanseras konceptet LTH Open Door för att dessa ska kunna komma fler till nytta. Både startups och etablerade bolag är välkomna. Förhoppningen att denna "dörröppnare" ska kunna bidra till en förenklad innovationsprocess och nya samarbeten.

I nuläget ingår sju lab i projektet: 3D-printlaboratoriet, biomedicintekniklaboratoriet, elektroniklaboratoriet, laserlaboratoriet, nanolaboratoriet, VR-laboratoriet och brandforskningslaboratoriet.

På seminariet så kommer Charlotta Johnsson, vicerektor för Samverkan och Innovation på LTH, att ge en kort introduktion. Därefter så kommer representanter för de olika labben att presentera sin verksamhet. Seminariet avslutas med studiebesök på biomedicinteknik- och elektroniklaboratorierna.

Välkommen till ett seminarium och studiebesök tillsammans med IVA Syd. Seminariet börjar kl 17.00 men varmt välkommen från kl 16.30 då vi serverar kaffe. Observera att antalet platser är begränsat. 

Läs mer och anmäl dig på: https://www.iva.se/event/lth-oppnar-dorrarna-for-industrin/?utm_campaign...

IEEE Distinguished Lecture on Device-to-Device Communications by Prof. Geoffrey Li

Published: 2018-03-08

IEEE Distinguished Lecture on Device-to-Device Communications by Prof. Geoffrey Li, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA

Speaker: Prof. Geoffrey Li, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Title: Device-to-Device Communications in Cellular Networks

Time: Wednesday, March 14, 2018, 15:15

Location: Room E:1406, ground floor, E-building, John Erikssons väg 4, Lund University, Lund
 

Abstract

To satisfy the increasing demand of high data-rate services, provide better user experience, and alleviate the huge infrastructure investment of operators, device-to-device (D2D) communications have being considered as one of the key techniques in the 5G wireless networks. With D2D communications, proximity users in a cellular network can communicate directly to each other without going through the base station (BS). It can potentially increase spectral-efficiency (SE) and device energy-efficiency (EE) of communications. However, D2D communications may generate interference to the existing cellular network if not designed properly. Therefore, interference management is one of the most challenging and important issues in D2D communications. This talk will focus on interference management in D2D communications including quality-of-service (QoS) aware admission control and SE/EE based mode selection. Cross-layer optimization and concave-convex procedures (CCCP) are exploited to solve the related optimization problems.

Biography

Dr. Geoffrey Li is a Professor with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. He is also holding a Cheung Kong Scholar title at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China since 2006. He was with AT&T Labs ? Research for five years before joining Georgia Tech in 2000. His general research interests include statistical signal processing for wireless communications. Recently, he focuses on intelligent processing for communication networks. In these areas, he has published over 200 papers on referred journals in addition to over 40 granted patents and many conference papers, with over 30,000 citations. He has been listed as the World?s Most Influential Scientific Mind, also known as a Highly-Cited Researcher, by Thomson Reuters (almost every year). He has been an IEEE Fellow since 2006. He received the 2010 IEEE ComSoc Stephen O. Rice Prize Paper Award, the 2013 IEEE VTS James Evans Avant Garde Award, the 2014 IEEE VTS Jack Neubauer Memorial Award, the 2017 IEEE ComSoc Award for Advances in Communication, and the 2017 IEEE SPS Donald G. Fink Overview Paper Award. He also won 2015 Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Tech.

Guest seminar by Thomas Eibert: Near-Field Measurements of Antennas

Published: 2018-02-27

Speaker: Thomas Eibert, Chair of High-Frequency Engineering, Technical University of Munich

Title: Near-Field Measurements of Antennas

Time and place: 1/3 at 15.15-16 in E:2311

Abstract: After introducing and motivating the need for near-field antenna measurements, the presentation will focus on the capabilities of modern and flexible near-field far-field transformations techniques. Based on simulation and true measurement results, diagnostic and echo suppression capabilities will be discussed. Also, it will be demonstrated that irregular measurement sample locations as well as arbitrary measurement probes with arbitrary orientation do not cause any difficulty for such transformation techniques. The flexibility and the performance of the field transformation techniques will give the chance to realize powerful and flexible near-field measurement techniques based on freely moving measurement probes or even with measurement probes flying on UAVs